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In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated ), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries.
The parts of speech that are often Declension and therefore may have a nominative case are nouns, adjectives, pronouns and (less frequently) numerals and participles. The nominative case often indicates the subject of a verb but sometimes does not indicate any particular relationship with the other parts of a sentence. In some languages, the nominative case is unmarked, and it may then be said to be marked by a null morpheme. Moreover, in most languages with a nominative case, the nominative form is the lemma; that is, it is the reference form used to cite a word, to list it as a dictionary entry etc.
Nominative cases are found in Albanian, Arabic, Estonian, Sanskrit, Slovak language, Ukrainian, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Georgian, German language, Latin, Greek language, Icelandic, Old English, Old French, Polish language, Serbian language, Czech language, Romanian, Russian language and Pashto language, among other languages. English still retains some nominative , which are contrasted with the accusative case (comparable to the oblique case or disjunctive case in some other languages): I (having the accusative me), we (having the accusative us), he (having the accusative him), she (having the accusative her), they (having the accusative them) and who (having the accusative whom). A usage that is Old English in most current English dialects is the singular second-person pronoun thou (accusative thee). A special case is the word you: originally, ye was its nominative form and you the accusative, but over time, you has come to be used for the nominative as well.
The term "nominative case" is most properly used in the discussion of nominative–accusative languages, such as Latin, Greek and most modern Western European languages.
In active–stative languages, there is a case, sometimes called nominative, that is the most marked case and is used for the subject of a transitive verb or a voluntary subject of an intransitive verb but not for an involuntary subject of an intransitive verb. Since such languages are a relatively new field of study, there is no standard name for this case.
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